Category: MPLS

Christoph sent me an interesting question a few days ago:

I played a bit arround with 2 Cisco 1803 and I found MPLS related configurations commands in IOS 12.4(15)T (Advanced Enterprise) on this box. MPLS was not listed as a included fearture in the Cisco Feature Navigator for this image and some searching at cisco.com took me to a 2 year old document telling me that MPLS isn't supported on this series. Some more searching took me back to the Cisco Feature Navigator which lists MPLS as feature for the Cisco 1805 router (which uses the same IOS image, afaik).
So, I'm a bit confused now if MPLS is really working / supported on the low-end Cisco ISR 1800 fixed series?

MPLS was mostly available but never supported on low-end platforms (including Cisco 2600). In those days I've taken some heat for reusing existing 2600-based labs to teach Cisco-internal MPLS courses (since we were teaching the students to configure unsupported devices :).

This is a nice MPLS question I’ve received from one of the readers:

I have understood the Penultimate Hop Popping (PHP) process, but I don’t understand when a router would use UNTAGGED instead of POP TAG?

Instead of answering the question directly, let's walk through a series of simple Q&A pairs that will help you understand the whole process (remember: knowledge, not recipes!).

When configuring MPLS Traffic Engineering in your network, you have to specify the amount of bandwidth that the MPLS TE tunnels can request on each MPLS TE-enabled interface with the ip rsvp bandwidth command.

Until recently, this command accepted only fixed bandwidth (in kilobits), which could be pretty inconvenient if you wanted to use common interface templates or deployed MPLS TE on links with varying bandwidth (for example, Multilink PPP bundles). IOS release 12.2SRC introduced a variant of the same command (ip rsvp bandwidth percentage) that allows you to specify reservable bandwidth as percentage of the current interface bandwidth. Unfortunately this feature didn’t make it into 12.4(20)T.

After working with MPLS Traffic Engineering lab for a few days and interpreting IP addresses from various traceroute outputs, I finally had enough and wrote a simple Perl script (below) that parses router configurations and produces ip host configuration commands for every interface IP address it encounters. When you paste the ip host commands into the configuration of the edge router from which you do the tests, the meaningless numbers finally make sense.

An anonymous commenter to my implicit NULL/PHP post made a very valid point:

Most Cisco documentation states that you must enable LDP before doing MPLS-TE, which is a complete fallacy.

If you're using MPLS TE simply to shift IP traffic around your network, he's absolutely right: there is no need to run LDP if you have an IP-only network. If you're running MPLS VPN or BGP on edges/MPLS in the core, the answer becomes “it depends.”

In one of the MPLS-related posts, I’ve described the role of implicit NULL in penultimate hop popping (PHP). To make the distinction between implicit and explicit NULL even clearer, I’ve prepared a short explanation with corresponding diagrams.

Shivlu Jain sent me an interesting question:

I'm wondering whether a router performing penultimate hop popping (PHP) imposes an IGP label or not.The value of implicit null is 3; does it mean the router imposes this label (and adds four bytes to the packet)?

The penultimate router does not impose the IGP label (that's why this behavior is called penultimate hop popping). However, the egress router has to signal to its upstream neighbor (the penultimate router) that it should NOT impose a label, so it uses "implicit null" label (= 3) in TDP/LDP updates to signal that the top label should be popped, not rewriten.

After leaving us in the dark for almost a year, Cisco finally released new functionality in IOS release 12.4(20)T. Support for a number of hardware platforms has been removed (dynamips fans are left with the 7200’s, everything else is gone). They also removed two switching features: fast switching and label-controlled ATM (cell-mode MPLS-over-ATM) together with Label Switch Controller (LSC).

If you use LDP-based MPLS as the only means of transporting data across your network core (for example, in MPLS VPN networks or in BGP-free ISP core), a router startup might disrupt your Label Switched Paths (remember: they are always based on IGP best paths) leading to a temporary disruption in service.

For example, when the router P1 in the network shown in the following diagram is powered on, and its IGP advertises its presence, the IGP-derived path from PE1 to PE2 will go over P1. If the LDP on P1 has not exchanged labels with PE1 and PE2, there will be no LSP on the shortest path between PE1 and PE2, resulting in a loss of traffic until the labels are exchanged and LSP is built.

Designing and operating large BGP networks has always been a challenge, as you have to deploy BGP on all core routers and design a hierarchy of internal BGP routers to get around the full-mesh limitation. When MPLS was introduced, it gave us means of deploying BGP only on the network edges, with the core routers carrying just the information about the BGP next hops.

As I know some of you run large networks, could you help me understand what you're using (without giving away too much information, of course):